2006RUS

Portuguese politics managed at several various levels. The particular constitution and the laws made the first level. This formal framework of government often seemed strict, legalistic, and impenetrable, especially to outsiders. Yet, these types of constitutional and legal structures had been more obvious and much more easily understood compared to other levels of the Portuguese system of government.

The next level contains political parties and interest groups. Because of its legalistic tradition, a stringent separation endured within Portugal between the formal governmental system and the sphere associated with political parties and awareness groups. Portuguese were known to adhere to the official system of government yet to denigrate interest groups and political parties. While Portuguese democracy prospered through the 1980s, nevertheless, political parties and interest groups gained higher popularity as an integral part of the program of government.

Not like these first couple of levels, the third level of Portuguese politics was largely invisible and was probably the toughest for outsiders to go into and comprehend. This particular level contains the informal connections, family associations, interpersonal ties, kinships, and patronage systems which were so much the heart of the Portuguese political system. Seldom been vocal of or described by the Portuguese, had these interactions enabled the Portuguese system to work and to cut with vast layers of red tape.

Most of the informal networks that had long steered Portuguese matters were severely interrupted through the Revolution of 1974 when many displaced their property as well as their positions. On the other hand, several systems had been regained in succeeding years, and others were formed through the making new of completely new political and financial affairs. Understanding of this particular third level of Portuguese politics was crucial for the complete understanding of the particular formal and also the informal dynamics within the Portuguese politics.

Since the formation of the democratic republic and its constitution in 1976, four main political parties emerged; the CDS (Centro Democratica Social), PPD/PSD (Partido Popular Democratico/Partido Social Democratica), PS (Partido Socialista) and PCP (Partida Comunista Portuges). The PS and the PSD dominate the regional and national governments and also have similar base politics, both with focus on market economic system and pro- Europe. The particular President is chosen for five years, is commander in chief of the armed forces, and can serve a couple of consecutive terms. Other main parts of the government would be the Council of Ministers (the government), the Assembly of the Republic (the parliament) and the judiciary. The parliament comprises 230 members whom serve terms of 4 years and are elected using a form of proportional manifestation. The two independent areas of the Azores and Madeira also have their own legislative power and governments ever since 1976, and distribute legislative proposals to the Portuguese Parliament (Assembleia da Republica).

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